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Fundamentals Chapter 6

📖 Chapter 6 – Health and Wellness

Fundamentals of Nursing, 11th Edition More info on:

🌎 Healthy People 2030

  • 📊 Evidence-based, 10-year national objectives for health promotion & disease prevention
  • 🏥 Goal: Society in which all people live long, healthy lives
  • 🚨 Identifies leading health indicators → high-priority health issues in the U.S.

💡 Definition of Health

  • World Health Organization (WHO) (1947, 2018): Complete physical, mental, and social well-being
  • Not just absence of disease/infirmity
  • Health is also self-defined → shaped by values, personality, lifestyle

🧩 Models of Health & Illness

  • Help explain complex concepts like health, illness, behaviors

🧠 Health Beliefs

  • Person’s ideas, convictions, and attitudes about health & illness
  • May be based on facts ✅, misinformation ❌, or past experiences
  • Can influence behaviors positively or negatively

🔹 Health Belief Model

  • Explains relationship between beliefs & behaviors
  • Focus: What people perceive as risk + their likelihood of taking preventive action
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🔹 Health Promotion Model

  • Focus: Increasing well-being
  • Describes multidimensional nature of people interacting with environment to pursue health
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🔹🪜 Maslow’s 5 Levels

  • Framework to understand interrelationship of human needs
  • Levels: Physiological → Safety → Love/Belonging → Esteem → Self-Actualization

(from bottom to top):

1. Physiological – food, water, oxygen, sleep. 2. Safety – protection, security, stability. 3. Love/Belonging – family, relationships, support. 4. Esteem – respect, confidence, recognition (being happy with who you are). 5. Self-Actualization – achieving one’s full potential (Working to be better).

🔹 Holistic Health Model

  • Considers emotional, spiritual, social, cultural, physical aspects of wellness

⚙️ Variables Influencing Health & Health Practices

🔹 Internal Variables

  • 👶 Developmental stage
  • 🧠 Intellectual background
  • 👀 Perception of functioning
  • ❤️ Emotional factors
  • ✝️ Spiritual factors

🔹 External Variables

  • 👨‍👩‍👧 Family role & practices
  • 🌍 Social determinants of health
  • 🎭 Culture

🌱 Health Promotion, Wellness, & Illness Prevention

  • 🏃 Health Promotion: Maintain/enhance present health
  • 📘 Health Education: Improve understanding & management of risks
  • 🛡 Illness Prevention: Protect against actual/potential threats

🛡 Three Levels of Prevention

  1. Primary(General healthy stuff) → True prevention; reduces incidence
    1. Goal: Stop disease before it starts.
    2. Examples: Immunizations, health classes, fitness programs, wearing seatbelts.
  2. Secondary→ Prevents spread after it occurs (e.g., screenings, early treatment)
    1. • Goal: Find and treat disease early.
    2. • Examples: Screenings (BP checks, mammograms, Pap smears), treating infections quickly.
  3. Tertiary →(Long term) Defect/disability permanent; goal is to minimize impact (e.g., rehab, support groups)
    1. Goal: Manage long-term illness or disability, prevent complications, rehab.
    2. • Examples: Cardiac rehab after heart attack, support groups, physical therapy after stroke.

⚠️ Risk Factors

  • Traits, qualities, environment → ↑ vulnerability to illness/accident

Types:

  • 🧬 Nonmodifiable (age, gender, genetics)
  • 🍔 Modifiable (diet, lifestyle, exercise, smoking)
  • 🌎 Environment (pollution, unsafe conditions)

🔄 Risk Factor Identification & Behavior Change

  • 🩺 Identify risks (assessment, health risk appraisal forms)
  • 📘 Educate & counsel (wellness strategies)
  • 🔄 Use the Transtheoretical Model of Change (Precontemplation → Maintenance)

🤒 Illness

  • Diminished/Impaired function: physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, spiritual

Types:

  • ⚡ Acute Illness: Short, severe (e.g., flu, appendicitis)
  • ⏳ Chronic Illness: >6 months, affects functioning (e.g., diabetes, hypertension)

🧍 Illness Behavior

  • How people monitor, interpret, and respond to symptoms

📊 Variables Influencing Illness Behavior

  • Internal: Perception of illness, coping mechanisms
  • External: Social support, cultural norms, access to care

💙 Caring for Yourself (Nurse Wellness)

  • 🥗 Nutritious diet
  • 😴 Adequate sleep
  • 🏃 Exercise & relaxation
  • ⚖️ Work–family balance
  • 🎨 Engage in nonwork activities
  • 🧘 Develop coping skills & allow time for grieving
  • ✝️ Focus on spiritual health
  • 👩‍🏫 Find a mentor